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Linux machines are provided in computer lab HF:123. This lab is used for teaching and for supervised and unsupervised exercises. The machines in the lab are managed by IT-avdelingen, and any hardware or system malfunctions must be signaled to bs.uib.no. Access to computers is reserved to students attending courses given in the lab. Physical access to the room is by means of your key card. The last person to leave the lab must remember to close all windows. Keep food and drink far away from the keyboard.
The operating system on the machines is Linux, a variant of UNIX. The purpose of this document is to give a brief introduction to Linux and to some of the programs available on the machines.
The commands below can be typed in a terminal or console window. Some of those operations can also be performed in other ways, e.g. by selecting from menus.
passwd = change password
logout = log out
CTRL-c = interrupt (this is holding down the CTRL key while typing c
CTRL-d = end of input
CTRL-o = flush input
CTRL-u = kill line
TAB = complete (in tcsh or bash)
' ... ' = quotes: mark start and end of literal string
& = after a command, start as subprocess
< = input from file (only necessary for commands which normally do not take file argument)
- = input from keyboard (only for commands which normally take file argument)
> = output to file
| = pipe: output to program
pwd = print current working directory
ls = list directory contents
ls -l = long directory list, gives more information
ls -a = list all files, also those beginning with period
cd dir = change working directory
more file = view file contents chmod o+r file = make file readable for others
cp file1
file2 = copy a file to another one
mv file1
file2 = move a file to a different name or place
rm file = remove a file
mkdir dir = make a new directory
rmdir dir = remove a directory (which must be empty)
ln -s file1 file2 = make a symbolic link which redirectsfile2 to file1
grep pattern file = search for lines matching the pattern in a file (use quotes if necessargy)
wc file = count characters, words, lines
sort file = sort (normally alphabetic)
sort -n file = numeric sort
sort -r file = reverse sort
sort -u file = sort and remove duplicates
uniq file = remove duplicate lines from a file
uniq -c file = remove duplicates and write duplicate count at beginning of line
man command = manual
apropos keyword = search for commands about a keyword
which command = where is a command
whatis command = what is a command
date = show current date and time
ls -la | more = list full directory contents, view output with more
sort file1 > file2 = sort file1, write sorted information to file2
sort file | uniq -c | sort -n = list unique lines in file sorted by frequency
emacs & = start the Emacs editor. Can also be found in the menu. This editor is a very versatile program for writing all kinds of text, especially programs, and it can act as an interface to any other programs.
When the editor is started, it tries to find a file .emacs in the home directory and execute the commands in that file. A useful command in that file is the following, in order to allow the display of Norwegian and other European accented characters:
(set-language-environment "Latin-1")
In the Help menu is a tutorial and other information on how to use Emacs.
For using Common Lisp as a subprocess under Emacs, there are some useful interactive commands and keys, including the following. NB. The META modifier key is keyboard-dependent. On some keyboards it looks like a waving flag with a cross.
META-x
run-lisp = start a Lisp subprocess.
The buffer *inferior-lisp* is used for direct interaction with the Lisp interpreter. The RETURN key evaluates a Lisp expression if it is complete. Use the Lisp function (quit) to quit using Lisp.
META-x
lisp-mode = edit a buffer in Lisp mode, allowing the following keys:
CTRL-META-a = beginning of expression
CTRL-META-b = backward expression
CTRL-META-f = forward expression
CTRL-META-q = indent expression
CTRL-META-t = transpose two expressions
CTRL-x CTRL-e = evaluate expression
CTRL-c CTRL-e = evaluate definition
CTRL-c CTRL-r = evaluate the selected region
CTRL-c CTRL-d = describe symbol
CTRL-c CTRL-l = load Lisp file
CTRL-c
CTRL-z = switch to the buffer *inferior-lisp*
N.B. If you have a keyboard without Norwegian characters, you can type them by switching to the following mode:
META-x
iso-accents-mode = edit a buffer in iso-accents-mode, allowing e.g. the following keys:
/ o = ø
/ a = å
/ e = æ
/ SPACE = /
' e = é
' SPACE = '
etc.
Installation of SLIME:
cd ~ mv .emacs.d .emacs.d-old wget tinyurl.com/dasp101 unzip emacs-conf.zip
After that you can start with META-x slime
© Koenraad de Smedt 2003-2009